Baltimore — (TFN): How efficient are the markets? It is like asking how smart is the human race We all know the answer, but few of us are willing to suck in our pride and admit there are a few dim bulbs among us.

Judging by the sudden rise in fame of Levi Johnson or Balloon Boy’s antics, the human brain is far feebler than we give credit.

And so are the markets.

If you have taken a basic finance class anytime between 1965 and the present, you have likely studied Eugene Fama and his efficient market hypothesis.

Essentially, the University of Chicago professor created a cult-like following of investors and academicians that believe markets entirely reflect all known information and instantly react to new information.

For example:

When I told my ever-optimistic, ever-“hopeful” colleague, Laura Cadden, the news the majority of Obama’s infrastructure stimulus would finally be doled out sometime early next year

This must be the period of soul searching, with the Economist engaging upon multi-article exegeses on where mainstream macro went wrong [1], [2], [3]. Alternatively, I think this is a happy time for some economists outside the (perceived) mainstream, who can now chortle "I told you so". One recent example is by Mario Rizzo.

Or, how come you used to say that if consumers don’t save more, it will wreck the economy, and now you say, if consumers do save more, it will wreck the economy?

For the record, I am certainly among those who had been suggesting that America’s low saving rate was a significant problem. Let me begin by reviewing why I said that. Recall that we can separate the various components of GDP (Y) in terms of goods and services purchased by consumers (C), government purchases (G), investment spending (I), and net exports (X):

Y = C + I + G + X

Subtracting C and G from both sides of the equation,

Y – C – G = I + X

The two terms on the right-hand side are the critical determinants of what kind of economic future we’ll have. Investment in plant and equipment is the single most important variable

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